In early January 2026, reports emerged on Iranian and Russian Telegram channels indicating that the delivery of Russian Mi-28 attack helicopters in the export configuration, known as Mi-28NE, started to Iran. These assertions quickly garnered attention, as the Mi-28 stands as one of the most advanced attack helicopter platforms presently in Russian service, and thus far, there have been no official statements from either Moscow or Tehran verifying the commencement of actual deliveries.
This absence of official press is not uncommon. In this regard, the circumstances surrounding the Mi-28 closely resemble the story of Iran’s procurement of Su-35 fighters and Yak-130 combat trainer aircraft. Based on available information, these aircraft are currently being delivered and integrated into service; however, there have been no official press releases, transfer ceremonies, or detailed announcements issued. In recent years, the military-technical cooperation between Russia and Iran has progressively expanded with limited public exposure, a trend attributed both to sanctions pressures and a mutual intention to prevent further international responses.
Background of Negotiations and Expectations
Information regarding a potential acquisition of Mi-28 attack helicopters by Iran has been circulating for several years. As early as 2023, officials from Iran’s defense sector confirmed that the nation had procured several advanced Russian aviation systems, including Su-35 fighters, Yak-130 trainer aircraft, and Mi-28 helicopters. At that time, these statements lacked specific figures or timelines; however, the mere mention of the Mi-28 indicated a strong indication of Iran’s serious intent.
Since that time, several indirect indicators have pointed to progress regarding the agreement: mentions in Iranian media of future enhancements to army aviation, reports concerning pilot training, and observations of heightened activity by heavy Russian transport aircraft operating along routes between Russia and Iran. Nevertheless, none of these indications had been officially confirmed prior to the beginning of 2026.
Iranian Army Aviation: Transition from American Heritage to Russian Systems
To fully understand the importance of possible Mi-28NE deliveries, it is crucial to evaluate the present condition of Iran’s helicopter fleet. The core of Iranian army aviation remains comprised of American-produced helicopters acquired prior to the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Despite over four decades of sanctions, Iran has succeeded in maintaining a significant portion of this fleet through domestic maintenance, repair, cannibalization of airframes, and limited local manufacturing of components.
Nevertheless, these helicopters are considered technologically obsolete by today’s standards. Their efficacy in nighttime operations, adverse weather conditions, and contested air defense environments remains restricted. For this reason, Tehran has historically attempted to procure modern attack helicopters capable of delivering effective close air support and anti-armor capabilities.
Iran currently operates Russian helicopters from the Mi-8/Mi-17 series. According to various estimates, over 20 of these have been procured for deployment by various security and military agencies. These helicopters have demonstrated reliability and versatility; however, they primarily serve as transport or transport-combat platforms rather than specialized attack helicopters.
The deployment of the Mi-28NE export version, featuring radar and comprehensive night-operating capabilities, would constitute an important qualitative development. It would signify a transition from modifying legacy platforms to deploying a purpose-designed, contemporary attack helicopter.
How Many Mi-28s Might Iran Have?
One of the main unresolved questions pertains to the number of Mi-28NE helicopters procured by Iran. Neither the Russian nor the Iranian party has disclosed any figures. Analysts provide a broad spectrum of estimates, ranging from a small number of aircraft designated for evaluation and training to an entire squadron or greater.
The lack of information may indicate a preference for confidentiality or a gradual implementation strategy. It is wholly plausible that an initial shipment is being allocated for pilot conversion training and technical familiarization, with subsequent, larger deliveries scheduled for a later date.
The Long Road of the Mi-28: From Soviet Concept to Modern Platform
The development history of the Mi-28 dates to the late 1970s, when the Soviet Union initiated a program to design a new anti-tank and attack helicopter with a traditional two-seat configuration. The Mil Design Bureau’s project was in competition with the Kamov Design Bureau’s single-seat Ka-50 “Black Shark,” which represented a markedly distinct design philosophy.
The initial prototype of the Mi-28 conducted its first flight in 1982. Testing identified multiple issues, resulting in refinements and the development of the enhanced Mi-28A in the late 1980s. This version was also made available for export, including a proposed transfer to Iraq in 1990. Nevertheless, the onset of the Gulf crisis and the ensuing conflict obstructed any deliveries.
The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the economic instability of the 1990s considerably hindered the progress of serial production. In 1993, subsequent to the initial phase of state testing, a preliminary conclusion was issued permitting the production of a limited quantity. Subsequently, a strategic decision was made to cease development of the Mi-28A and reallocate resources toward an essentially new variant—the Mi-28N.
The Mi-28N (“Night Hunter”) was designed as an all-weather, day-and-night attack helicopter equipped with an integrated onboard avionics suite of a new generation. Testing extended into the mid-2000s, with the inaugural serial Mi-28N emerging only in 2006. The helicopter was formally commissioned into duty in 2009.
By that time, Russia had also deployed another advanced assault helicopter, the two-seat Ka-52 “Alligator.” Consequently, the Russian military opted to acquire both variants, and presently, the attack helicopter function within the Russian Aerospace Forces is divided between the Mi-28 and the Ka-52.
Present Variants and Manufacturing
The latest iteration of the Mi-28 in Russian service is the Mi-28NM. This variant was developed following an analysis of combat experience with the Mi-28N, including operations in Syria, and commenced serial production in 2020. It is equipped with advanced avionics, enhanced sensors and targeting systems, and increased survivability.
According to Western evaluations, a minimum of 110 Mi-28 helicopters of different variants are currently in service within Russia. The quantity of the latest Mi-28NM aircraft remains relatively limited, estimated at several dozen at most, and potentially fewer.
The manufacturing of the Mi-28 is conducted at the Rostov Helicopter Plant (Rostvertol). The facility remains engaged in the production of helicopters for both the Russian Aerospace Forces and international clients. Precise production and delivery data are not publicly available.
Mi-28 in the International Export Market
Prior to Iran, multiple international operators had already deployed the Mi-28 into operational service. Iraq acquired approximately 16 helicopters in the Mi-28NE and Mi-28UB variants. Algeria maintains a comparable fleet, and at least three Mi-28 helicopters are deployed within the armed forces of Uganda.
The Mi-28NE export version differs from the Russian variants in terms of equipment and weapon integration; however, it maintains the fundamental combat capabilities of the platform, including the deployment of guided anti-tank missiles and the capacity to operate effectively in adverse weather and low-visibility conditions.
Strategic Considerations for Iran and the Surrounding Region
If reports confirming the delivery of Mi-28NE helicopters to Iran are verified, it would represent an important step in the growth of Iran’s military aviation capabilities. For the first time in several decades, Iran will acquire a modern, purpose-built assault helicopter instead of an upgraded or improvised legacy platform.
The implications cover more than simply military considerations. Such a deployment would highlight the increasing extent of Russian–Iranian military-technical collaboration and demonstrate the capacity of both nations to carry out significant defense initiatives despite ongoing sanctions.
Final Remarks
Reports of the start of Mi-28NE deliveries to Iran in January 2026, despite the absence of official confirmation, align coherently with the long-term trajectory of Russian–Iranian defense collaboration. The development history of the helicopter, its incremental integration into service, and prior export agreements collectively indicate that the Mi-28 is a well-established and reliable combat platform.
For Iran, the acquisition potentially signifies an important step in its military aviation capabilities. For the broader region, it introduces a novel element into the military equilibrium that will undoubtedly be taken into account in future strategic assessments throughout the Middle East.