Two satellites were successfully launched into geostationary orbit on February 12, 2026, using the Russian Proton-M launch vehicle from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The Russian Elektro-L No. 5 meteorological satellite, which weighs approximately 1.8 tons, and the Iranian telecommunications satellite Jam-e Jam-1 (Iran DBS), which is owned by the state-owned media holding IRIB, were successful.
A Return to the Launch Pad After a Long Pause
The launch in February 2026 was an important step in the development of Russia’s heavy-lift launch capability. The mission had been marked by a comparatively quiet period for Proton operations, which was indicative of the evolving dynamics of the global launch market and Russia’s gradual transition to newer launch systems. Proton remains a critical asset for missions that necessitate high-energy orbits and proven efficacy, despite these shifts.
The DM-03 upper stage of the rocket, which carried its dual payload, was launched from Baikonur in pursuit of geostationary orbit. Stage separations and upper-stage burns were meticulously choreographed during the ascension, which resulted in the successful deployment of both satellites. The mission served as evidence that Proton continues to execute intricate launches with precision, even after decades of service.
Payloads and Mission Objectives
Elektro-L No. 5, the primary payload, is a component of Russia’s geostationary meteorological satellite constellation, which is intended to conduct continuous monitoring of the Earth’s atmosphere. The satellite is located in geostationary orbit and is responsible for the observation of weather systems, the tracking of cyclones, the monitoring of cloud formation, and the contribution to long-term climate research. Its sensors capture multispectral imagery that facilitates environmental analysis and forecasting across extensive geographic regions.
Elektro-L satellites are also used in disaster management, providing real-time data to monitor severe weather events, floods, and wildfires. Additionally, they reinforce global efforts to enhance safety in remote areas and at sea by detecting distress signals from emergency beacons, which in turn supports search-and-rescue operations.
Jam-e Jam-1, the secondary payload, is a critical telecommunications asset for Iran. It enhances the domestic broadcasting infrastructure and provides nationwide coverage by serving as a direct broadcast satellite that supports television and communication services. The satellite is indicative of the ongoing collaboration between Russia and international partners in the space sector, emphasizing Proton’s function as a launch provider that extends beyond domestic missions.
An Overview of the Proton-M Rocket
One of the most durable heavy-lift launch vehicles produced to date, the Proton-M is a modernized version of the Soviet-era Proton rocket. Since the mid-1960s, the Proton family has been an essential part of Soviet and Russian spaceflight, having been developed by the Khrunichev space center. It has launched interplanetary spacecraft, military payloads, communications satellites, and modules for orbital stations over the course of several decades.
Guidance systems, propulsion efficacy, and payload capacity were enhanced as a result of the transition from earlier Proton variants to Proton-M. The rocket’s competitiveness was maintained well into the twenty-first century as a result of the structural refinements and improved avionics, despite the emergence of new launch providers on a global scale.
Proton-M is typically designed as a three-stage rocket with an additional upper stage, and it is particularly well-suited for missions that necessitate high energy, such as transfers to geostationary orbit or deep-space trajects. It is capable of delivering large payloads with exceptional precision due to the combination of flexible upper stages and powerful engines.
Flight Profile and Technical Characteristics
Proton-M uses hypergolic propellants, specifically nitrogen tetroxide and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine. These propellants ignite upon contact, thereby eliminating the necessity for ignition systems and facilitating the reliable restart of engines during flight. This attribute is especially beneficial for missions that necessitate numerous orbital maneuvers.
The rocket’s design is unique, featuring a central oxidizer tank surrounded by six fuel containers in the first stage. This clustered configuration generates an immense thrust during liftoff. This configuration enables Proton to lift substantial burdens while simultaneously preserving structural efficiency.
The first stage operates for several minutes before separation, and the second stage is ignited thereafter. The third stage completes the ascent to a preliminary orbit, after which the upper stage performs a series of burns to achieve the final trajectory. The DM-03 upper stage, which was used in the February 2026 mission, is engineered to implement intricate flight profiles and ensure precise orbital insertion.
Contribution to Russia’s Space Strategy
Proton has been the principal heavy-lift launcher in Russia for the majority of its operational lifespan, providing support for a diverse array of missions, including national security and scientific exploration. It has facilitated the implementation of modern infrastructure’s communications networks, navigation systems, and weather monitoring capabilities.
Russia has initiated the transition to the Angara rocket family in recent years, with the intention of eventually replacing Proton. Angara provides a modular design, reduced environmental impact, and the capacity to launch from Russian territory, thereby reducing dependence on Baikonur. Nevertheless, Proton continues to serve a critical function during this transition period, particularly for missions that have been seamlessly integrated into the existing infrastructure.
This dual reality is exemplified by the February 2026 launch, which demonstrates that Proton continues to function and be capable while progressively paving the way for next-generation systems.
Milestones and Historical Achievements
The Proton rocket family has a remarkable history of space exploration. It initiated numerous scientific missions during the Soviet era, such as probes that investigated Venus, Mars, and other celestial bodies. Additionally, it was instrumental in the construction and provision of space stations like Salyut and Mir.
Proton played an important part in the construction of the International Space Station during the post-Cold War era by launching critical modules and components. It was essential for the construction of substantial structures in orbit due to its lifting capacity and dependability.
Proton emerged as an important participant in the global launch market, providing telecommunications companies with competitive services. Proton rockets were responsible for the launch many international satellites into orbit, solidifying their status as a reliable workhorse.
Lessons Learned and Reliability Challenges
Proton, like many other launch vehicles that have operated for an extended period, has experienced periodic malfunctions and technical difficulties. These incidents resulted in extensive investigations and enhancements to operational procedures, quality control, and manufacturing processes. Over time, the lessons acquired from anomalies have been instrumental in the improvement of reliability and the safety of operations.
In recent years, the launch frequency has been reduced to reflect a combination of market changes and a commitment to upholding high standards. Proton’s ability to fulfill mission requirements is maintained by meticulous planning and execution of each mission, regardless of its age.
The Mission’s International Dimensions in February 2026
The geopolitical and commercial dimensions of space cooperation are underscored by the inclusion of the Iranian telecommunications satellite. Russia’s capacity to launch foreign payloads is indicative of its ongoing presence in the international launch market, despite the constant evolution of global dynamics.
Proton provides partner nations with access to experienced mission support and proved launch capabilities. These partnerships foster technological exchange and fortify diplomatic relationships in the space sector.
Economic and Environmental Factors
Due to their toxicity, the use of hypergolic propellants has historically led to environmental concerns. Launch operations and recovery zones are meticulously monitored in order to reduce their environmental impact. The utilization of healthier propellants in the development of new launch vehicles is indicative of the broader industry trend toward sustainability.
Proton continues to be economically advantageous for missions that capitalize on its established infrastructure and performance attributes. Nevertheless, the rocket’s current function has been shaped by the changing market conditions and competition from reusable launch systems, which have influenced launch demand.
Looking Ahead—The Future of Proton-M
It is expected that Proton’s operational lifespan will progressively decrease as Russia continues to develop next-generation launch systems. It is probable that future missions will prioritize the completion of existing obligations and the provision of support for specialized payloads that are consistent with the spacecraft’s capabilities.
Proton’s continued significance in guaranteeing access to space is illustrated by the February 2026 launch. The teams’ expertise and the durability of the design are evidenced by its ongoing operation.
In conclusion,
Elektro-L No. 5 and Jam-e Jam-1 were successfully launched by Proton-M, which signifies both continuity and transition in Russian spaceflight. The rocket’s extraordinary history is demonstrated in the mission, which continues to deliver critical payloads as the space program transitions to new technologies.
Proton has served as a testament to the capabilities of heavy-lifting and the resilience of engineering for more than fifty years. It has facilitated numerous missions that have increased humanity’s presence in space, ranging from scientific exploration to commercial services. The Proton-M mission on February 12, 2026, adds another chapter to this legacy, reaffirming its position in the annals of global spaceflight.